❄️ Arctic – Earth’s Northern Polar Region
The Arctic is the polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and parts of countries such as Canada, Russia, Greenland (Denmark), the United States (Alaska), Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. Defined by the Arctic Circle at approximately 66°34′N latitude, this region is characterized by extreme conditions, unique ecosystems, and indigenous cultures adapted to its environment.
🌍 Geography and Environment
The Arctic region includes vast oceanic expanses, permafrost-covered lands, and seasonal sea ice. The landscape is predominantly tundra, with treeless plains and a variety of cold-adapted flora and fauna. Seasonal variations lead to phenomena such as the Midnight Sun and Polar Night, where the sun remains above or below the horizon for extended periods.
🧬 Flora and Fauna
Despite harsh conditions, the Arctic supports diverse life forms. Vegetation includes mosses, lichens, grasses, and dwarf shrubs. Animal species range from marine mammals like seals and whales to land animals such as polar bears, Arctic foxes, and caribou. Migratory birds also breed in the Arctic during the short summer season.
🌡️ Climate and Climate Change
The Arctic climate is marked by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It is experiencing rapid warming, leading to diminishing sea ice, thawing permafrost, and shifts in ecosystems. These changes have global implications, including sea-level rise and alterations in weather patterns.
👥 Indigenous Peoples and Cultures
Indigenous communities such as the Inuit, Sámi, Chukchi, and Nenets have inhabited the Arctic for millennia. Their cultures, languages, and livelihoods are closely tied to the environment, relying on activities like fishing, hunting, and herding. These communities are now facing challenges due to environmental changes and modernization.
⚖️ Geopolitics and International Cooperation
The Arctic is governed by international agreements and organizations like the Arctic Council, comprising eight Arctic states and indigenous representatives. Issues of sovereignty, resource exploration, and environmental protection are central to Arctic geopolitics, especially as melting ice opens new navigation routes and access to resources.
📚 Learn More
For a comprehensive overview of the Arctic’s geography, climate, ecology, and geopolitical significance, visit the Arctic – Wikipedia page.
The Arctic (/ˈɑːr(k)tɪk/; from Ancient Greek ἄρκτος (árktos) 'bear') is the polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway (Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard and Jan Mayen), northernmost Sweden (Västerbotten, Norrbotten and Lappland), northern Finland (North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu and Lappi), Russia (Murmansk, Siberia, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), and northern Iceland (Grímsey and Kolbeinsey), along with the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas.
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Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost under the tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.
The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. The cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions. Life in the Arctic includes zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants, and human societies. Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic.