**Early War Tourism:**
– War artists and correspondents like Willem van de Velde were among the first war tourists.
– Mark Twain led tourists to Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
– Prince Menshikov invited ladies to watch the battle of Alma.
– Fanny Duberly stayed with her husband at the Crimea during the war.
**American Civil War Tourism:**
– The First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 was the first major land battle of the American Civil War.
– Wealthy elites from Washington picnicked to watch the battle.
– Frank Leslie’s engraving depicted civilians fleeing the battle.
– Tourists, including Arthur Lyon Fremantle, spectated the Battle of Gettysburg.
**Late 19th Century War Tourism:**
– Thomas Cook advertised tours to the Second Boer War battlefields.
– Henry Gaze included Waterloo in his tour packages.
– Alfred Milner, The Observer, and Punch criticized war tourism.
– Waterloo became a popular tourist attraction in the late 19th century.
– The trade of relics and souvenirs related to Waterloo boomed.
**World War Tourism Development:**
– War tourism developed during World War I.
– Trophy hunting was replaced by pilgrimage-style visits after the war.
– Ypres Salient was considered holy ground by British intelligence officer Hugh Pollard.
– Religious tourism became linked with war tourism in the interwar period.
– Battlefield guides were produced by various travel agencies.
**Post-World War II War Tourism:**
– Former battlefields of World War II became new war tourist destinations.
– Saipan and other Pacific battlefields were visited by Japanese veterans.
– Japanese veterans reburied fallen comrades and erected monuments.
– War tourism continued to develop following World War II.
– Specific regions and sites of inhuman acts attracted tourists.
War tourism is recreational travel to active or former war zones for purposes of sightseeing or historical study. The term may be used pejoratively to describe thrill-seeking in dangerous and forbidden places. In 1988, P. J. O'Rourke applied the pejorative meaning to war correspondents.
