**Early War Tourism:**
– War artists and correspondents like Willem van de Velde were among the first war tourists.
– Mark Twain led tourists to Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
– Prince Menshikov invited ladies to watch the battle of Alma.
– Fanny Duberly stayed with her husband at the Crimea during the war.
**American Civil War Tourism:**
– The First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 was the first major land battle of the American Civil War.
– Wealthy elites from Washington picnicked to watch the battle.
– Frank Leslie’s engraving depicted civilians fleeing the battle.
– Tourists, including Arthur Lyon Fremantle, spectated the Battle of Gettysburg.
**Late 19th Century War Tourism:**
– Thomas Cook advertised tours to the Second Boer War battlefields.
– Henry Gaze included Waterloo in his tour packages.
– Alfred Milner, The Observer, and Punch criticized war tourism.
– Waterloo became a popular tourist attraction in the late 19th century.
– The trade of relics and souvenirs related to Waterloo boomed.
**World War Tourism Development:**
– War tourism developed during World War I.
– Trophy hunting was replaced by pilgrimage-style visits after the war.
– Ypres Salient was considered holy ground by British intelligence officer Hugh Pollard.
– Religious tourism became linked with war tourism in the interwar period.
– Battlefield guides were produced by various travel agencies.
**Post-World War II War Tourism:**
– Former battlefields of World War II became new war tourist destinations.
– Saipan and other Pacific battlefields were visited by Japanese veterans.
– Japanese veterans reburied fallen comrades and erected monuments.
– War tourism continued to develop following World War II.
– Specific regions and sites of inhuman acts attracted tourists.
